非洲经济复苏和发展人的方面问题喀土穆宣言 khartoum declaration on the human dimension of africa's economic recovery and development
关于调整工业所有形式的法律方面问题指南 guide on the legal aspects of restructuring ownershiforms in industry
联合国发展活动的社会方面问题特设工作组 ad hoc working group on the social aspect of the development activities of the united nations; hoc working group on the social aspect of the development activities of the united nations
问题 1.(需回答的题目) question; problem 解答问题 solve a problem; 提问题 ask a question2.(需研究解决的矛盾等) problem; matter 问题的关键 the heart of the matter; key to the question; key to the solution of a question; 问题的实质 essence of the problem [question]; 问题成堆 a satchel [a batch] of questions; 难问题 a troublesome problem; 共同关心的问题 questions of common interest; 关键问题 a key problem; 思想问题 an ideological problem; 悬而未决的问题 an outstanding issue; 原则问题 a question of principle; a matter of principle; 枝节问题 minor issue3.(事故或意外) trouble; mishap; sth. wrong 解决麻烦问题的能手 trouble shooter; 没出什么问题 without any mishap; 那机器有点问题。 something is wrong with the machine.4.(重要之点) the point; the thing 问题不在这里。 that is not the point
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例句与用法
After synthetically studying the effects of loading positions , rim thickness , circular pinion numbers and fillet radii of gear hob on root section stresses , a judging formula of plane stress and plane strain is proposed and verified , then 2d and 3d fem models are accurately established 系统探讨了加载位置、轮缘厚度、周向齿数的确定方法,分析了滚刀顶部圆角对齿根应力的影响,提出了两类平面问题的判据并予以验证。
Furthermore , there are some difficulties not only in the experiment research but also in the computer analysis , especially for the dynamic non - linear analysis , in order to improve the seismic design , the research in this field should be lucubrating 平扭耦联是一个空间问题,不便简化为平面问题处理,无论是试验研究还是计算分析,尤其是非弹性动力分析,都有很大的难度,研究工作还不是很深入,难以为结构设计提供可靠的依据。
Based on the basic equations of the elasticity plane problem and the two airy stress functions in the thesis , stress singularity eigenequations and displacement fields as well as singular stress fields near the v - notch tip and the crack tip for homogeneous materials are obtained 本文基于弹性力学平面问题的基本方程,引入两个airy应力函数,推导了均质材料型切口尖端和裂纹尖端的应力奇异性特征方程及其附近的奇异应力场和位移场。
In the testing , we experiment on a plate with a circle hole ( 2 - dimention ) and a ladder axis with arc transiting ( 3 - dimention ) , and compare the former to the result measured by moire method and the later to an aluminum axis with similarity of geometric structure by electric measure method . the results are closed to these of corresponding references . sequentially , it is proved that the theory is reasonable and the method is feasible 在算例方面,论文分别采用光弹性法和电测法对带中心圆孔无限宽板的平面问题和圆阶梯轴的三维问题进行了验证,并将分析结果与相关文献进行比较,得到了一致的结果,从而验证了理论分析的合理性及本方法的正确性。
The contents of the course include the elastic problems and associated solution procedure ; the basic concepts and assumptions of elasticity ; the solution of a planar elastic problem defined in a rectangular coordinate ; the matrix expression of basic equations of a planar elastic problem ; the solution of a planar problem defined in a polar coordinate ; the basic equations and solution procedure of a three - dimensional elastic problem ; bending of a plate ; and the variational principles of energy 本课程的主要内容包括:弹性力学问题及其求解思想;弹性力学中的基本概念及基本假定;弹性力学平面问题的直角坐标解答;平面问题基本方程的矩阵表示;平面问题的极坐标解答;弹性力学空间问题的基本方程及其解法;薄板的弯曲;能量变分原理等等
Secondly , considering the complexity of the analysis of inclined - loading pile , nonlinear finite element method is adopted to calculate the internal force and displacement of pile group under inclined loads , with the concept of equivalent width presented to simplify 3d problems into 2d problems . and a program is developed as well , which is able to consider the continuity , elastic - plasticity and layered characteristic of soil around the pile shaft . besides , the interactions among pile , base slab and soil are considered in this program and contact surface element is used to simulate slipping and crazing between pile and soil , or between base slab and soil under loads . then , the non - tension analysis is proposed , to reflect the low - tensile property of soil and concrete 在此基础上,针对倾斜荷载下群桩基础分析中的复杂性,提出采用非线性有限元对倾斜荷载下群桩的内力及位移进行分析,应用桩的等效宽度概念将空间问题简化为平面问题考虑,并开发出能考虑桩周土介质连续性、弹塑性、分层性等因素的倾斜荷载下群桩内力及位移分析的计算机程序,并在程序中考虑了桩、土、承台的相互作用,提出了采用接触面单元来考虑荷载作用下桩与土体及承台与土体间的滑移、开裂;并在此基础上,提出了倾斜荷载下群桩基础的“无拉力”分析方法,可有效地反映土体及混凝土材料的低抗拉特性。
Plane strain finite element method is applied to incorporate the constitutive law . the code is able to simulate the coupled effect of consolidation and creep , interaction between soil and structure , and the complicated procedure of staged excavation . and this code utilizes a calculation method more reasonable than conventional ones 将平面问题有限元法用于基坑性状的研究,研制了考虑土的流变与固结耦合作用、土与结构相互作用和模拟复杂的分步开挖过程的深基坑工程有限元分析程序。
Then , the finite element method procedure of the determination of the load carrying capacity of 2d structures with defaults or / and cracks , considering the instable state of cracks , is given and is implemented by c + + language . at last , some numerical examples are presented to show the application of the procedures 结合平面含裂纹结构的裂纹尖端受力特点和断裂力学的失稳扩展准则,给出了二维含裂纹平面问题的极限载荷的有限元计算公式和计算流程,用c + +语言编制了相应的计算机程序。
In view of bearing capacity of the elastoplastic theory analysis , the author made a comparison between the achieved bearing capacity limit load pi / 4 of round base ( space problem ) and the limit load pi / 4 of bar groundwork foundation design ( plane problem ) from soil mechanics at home and abroad as well as foundation criterion , and explained why the value of formula in present design criterion from soil mechanics is inclined to be conservative . in the light of the author ' s many years experience of vibration test on the spot and the research work of relevant projects , the author worked over the dynamic pile testing of the bearing capacity of foundation and batholith , and gathered the parameter of dynamic analysis and testing . the author also talked over the difficult point of pile foundation design criteria in present batholith engineering world , i . e . the confirmation of batholith bearing capacity of pile end , from the following aspects : a ) confirmation of single axis counter - pressure strength of rock in house ; b ) f . e . m calculation of elastoplastic model ; c ) calculation of soil mechanics ; d ) deep well load test 然后,对岩土工程领域至今尚未解决,甚至不为人注意的考虑地基变形的地基承载力问题进行了实用化的探讨,提出了考虑地基变形的地基承载力上程计算方法;对基于弹塑性理论分析的地基承载力国内尚未见报道的空间问题得到了圆形基础(空间问题)的承载力界限荷载p _ ( 1 / 4 ) ,并与国内外土力学专著及地基基础设计规范中的条形基础(平面问题)的界限荷载p _ ( 1 / 4 ) ,进行了对比,从而定量上解释了目前设计规范引用土力学承载力公式值偏于保守的这一情况;根据本文作者多年从事现场地基工程振动试验及相关课题的研究工作,本文以截头锥模型模拟地基,对地基(岩基)承载力的动测法进行了研究,为各类地基(包括岩基) ,汇总了动力分析和检测川的参数:针对日前岩土工程界应用桩基设计规范中的难点? ?桩端岩基承载力的确定问题,从岩石室内单轴抗压强度确定、基于弹塑性模型的有限单元法计算、土力学计算及深斤载荷试验四方面进行了深入讨论;本文作者根据多年现场载荷试验的工程实践,对深井荷试验装置的核心部分? ?反力装置,设计了侧壁支撑反力加载系统,该加载系统具有实用、简便、稳定及安个等优点。
Abstract : this paper proposed a numerical method to determine the oscillatory stress singularities and the related stress intensity coefficients , by use of common numerical solutions ( stresses or displacements ) which obtained by an ordinary numerical technique such as finite element method or boundary element method 文摘:本文以具有振荡应力奇异性的平面问题为例,提出了一种利用普通的数值分析结果(由有限元或边界元程序计算得到的应力分量或位移分量) ,来确定奇异点附近的振荡应力奇异性次数以及相应的复应力强度系数的数值分析方法。