A group of 18 leading european pharmaceutical companies and clinical research organisations backed the scrapping of “ acute toxicity tests ” , which have long been conducted in rodents to identify the minimal lethal dose of an experimental drug while universally applied in the past to win regulatory approval , the companies concluded that the tests , first introduced in 1927 , had been superseded by others that were more accurate and were therefore no longer needed as a precondition for launching drug tests in humans 18家有影响的欧洲制药公司和临床研究组织支持废弃"急性毒性试验" ,长期以来,在急性毒性试验中,啮齿类动物被用于确认实验性药物的最小致死量在过去,急性毒性试验普遍用于申请新药试验许可,公司认为1927年发明的试验方法,现在可以由其它更加准确的方法代替,因此不再作为新药测试的必要前提。
This also turned out to be true in mice , and working with these rodents , the researchers discoered that the types of firmicute found in obese animals are more efficient at conerting complex polysaccharides ( a form of carbohydrate that mammals hae a hard time digesting by themseles ) into simple , usable sugars such as glucose 这个结论同样适用于鼠等啮齿类动物,研究人员发现肥胖动物体内的厚壁菌转化多糖(哺乳动物自己消化比较费力的碳水化合物)为单糖(机体随时可用的糖类例如葡萄糖)的效率更高。
L l6 - hsd2 is localized to the sppytiotrophoblast of the placenty providing a fimctional barrier protecting the fetus from matemal glucocorticoids . a sequence resembling glucocorticoid response element ( gre ) has been identified in the promoter region of the human l l0 - hsdl gene . glucocorticoids have been shown to induce the expression of 11p - hsdl in the hippomus in vitro " whereas controversial results were obtained in the hepatocyte 体内至少存在两型11 - hsd ,在细胞完整的状态下, 11 - hsd1主要为还原酶,它活化gc的代谢产物17 -羟- 11 -脱氢皮质酮(啮齿类为脱氢皮质酮)为有活性的皮质醇(啮齿类为皮质酮) ,而11 - hsd2为氧化酶,它催化皮质醇为无活性的17 -羟- 11 -脱氢皮质酮,因此11 - hsd1加强gc的作用,而11 - hsd2减弱gc的作用。