Hidden markov models ( hmms ) , a type of finite state machines for statistical modeling , have been successfully applied to speech recognition due to the fact that finite states in speech signals are amenable to the mechanism of hmms . however , it is hard to directly apply hmms to image modeling in the spatial domain , since there are too many states ( gray - levels of pixels ) in real - world images 隐马尔可夫模型作为一种统计建模的有限状态机,已经被成功的用于语音识别中,但是,将hmms直接地应用到图像建模中是很难的,因为在现实世界中图像有着太多的状态(象素的灰度级) 。
By sampling and processing signal both in time domain and in spatial domain , the information of interested contained in the signal can be exploited sufficiently . it is widely applicated in radar 、 sonar and communications . doa estimation and beamforming technique is two most important aspects of array signal processing , and doa estimation is the central problem in spatial spectrum estimation 阵列信号处理是信号处理的一个分支,广泛应用于雷达、声纳及通信等领域,通过对信号在时间和空间上同时进行采样和处理,可以更加充分地提取信号中的信息, doa估计和波束形成技术就是阵列信号处理的两个重要方面,对信号来向( doa )的估计是空间谱估计研究的主要问题。
In fact , scaling technology is an essential component in many image / video processing such as to magnify / minify still image , to achieve special effect like picture - in - picture , to compress or transform digital video with spatial scalability etc . in this thesis we mainly employ this technology in video transcoding , which is a powerful but computationally intensive tools to convert one kind of video format into another , meeting different demand such as lower bitrates or various display terminals . in sum , there are two kinds of scaling schemes : one is in spatial domain and the other in transform domain . the scheme in transform domain can provide very good performance , that is , efficient computation and desirable image quality , whereas it has some disadvantage which is impossible or hardly to o vercome , especially some scenarios require arbitrary ratio zoom in horizontal and vertical , and excellent visual effect 两种方法都各有其利弊:变换域的方法是利用现有常用的视频压缩方案都是基于dct这个特点,所以可以直接在变换域做处理,这样可以节省大量的计算,但其缺点是由于dct是基于块的变换,如8 8 ,所以很难找到一种方案可以进行任意比例的缩放,尤其是在纵横缩放比例不一致的情形,但这对诸如hd缩放到sd和空域分级的压缩方案来说尤为重要,基于空域滤波的方法却没有这样的限制,同时可以保证缩放后的图像的质量远高于基于变换域的方法,为了达到高的缩放质量,就不可避免导致计算量过大。
Then the research of algorithms of texture - based image retrieval is devised from the following three aspects : 1 . texture - based image retrieval algorithms in spatial domain : perceptual - based tamura texture feature is analyzed ; run - length texture analyzing algorithm is improved ; four laws " texture operators which perform better in texture analyzing are achieved 空间域纹理分析方法方面,分析了对应于人眼视觉感受的tamura纹理特征,将游程长度纹理分析算法改进为游程累加的纹理检索算法;总结出在基于纹理特征的图象检索中四个有效的laws纹理能量算子。
To solve the problem of watermark encryption , a novel permutation operator is proposed , based on which the permutation scheme and the substitution scheme for watermark encryption are designed ; encryption algorithms in spatial domain and transform domain are proposed . the ciphered image can be jpeg compressed before it is transmitted , and low - distortion plain image can be obtained after decrypting the compressed encryption image 为解决水印信息加密问题,我们在第三章提出混沌有序化算子方法,设计了水印信息加密的置乱模块和替代模块;还给出了空间域和变换域数字图像加密算法,密文图像可以经过有损压缩再传输,经过解密得到低失真的明文图像。