This paper emphasizes the function of urban design , and deliberates the tactics , principles and methods of urban design in historical areas , then from the physical environment modeling of the areas , makes an overall elaboration from macro level - space design , midlevel - street and architecture design and micro level - activity system design , and expound the concrete apply of urban design tactics in the design of historical areas 本文对历史地段的城市设计对策、城市设计原则、城市设计方法分别作具体研究。最后从历史地段空间与环境设计本身出发,从宏观? ?地段空间环境设计、中观? ?地段街区与建筑设计、微观? ?地段活动系统设计三个层面,全面阐述历史地段空间与环境形态塑造中城市设计原则的具体应用。
The problem has been studied from two sides , firstly , from the viewpoint of applicability , based on the development strategic objectives of the oil company , with the aim to unify the exploration and extraction decisions of the resources in an integrated framework , and integrate the macro economic and technical objectives with micro economic and technical models of an oil well , an integrated non - linear dynamic optimal control model has been constructed , the objective is the benefit maximum of the exploration and extraction of the resources , and the optimal strategies are obtained by changing the problem into a non - linear mathematical programming problem , on the other hand , from the more macro level , based on the analysis of the characteristics of the exploration and extraction activities of oil and gas resources , a conclusion is easily deduced that the procedure is full of randomicity , then discovering procedure of oil deposit is proved to be a poisson process , and the reserves process is a supermartingale process , so the model of exploration discovery rate and the reserves model could be constructed 本文从两个侧面对此问题进行了研究,首先从实用性出发,以公司层次的战略性规划目标为基础,将勘探阶段与开发阶段的工程技术及经济方面的决策整合在一个模型框架内,同时将宏观层次的经济技术目标与单个油气井生产的微观技术经济模型相结合,以油气资源勘探与开发的经营效益最大化为目标,建立了一个非线性确定型综合动态优化模型,通过将原非线性最优控制问题转化为一非线性数学规划问题进行了求解。其次从相对更宏观的层次上,通过对油气资源勘探与开发的特点分析,认为具有很强的随机性,证明了勘探活动发现油气藏的过程为一泊松过程,所发现的油气藏储量为一上鞅过程,在此基础上,建立了油气藏勘探发现率模型及储量模型,在油气价格服从几何布朗运动条件下,以油气开采收益最大化为目标,建立了一个油气资源勘探与开发的随机最优控制模型,采用动态规划方法得到了值函数的hjb方程,并针对方程的特点,以及方程及其变量所对应的经济学意义,对最优策略的求解进行了一些讨论。
The source of china ' s npl is complicated , both in the macro and micro level . in macro level , china ' s credit system inheriting from the planning economy , economic policy and macro economic environment are the main reasons . in micro level , the borrowers " weak financial strength due to mismanagement or excessive debt makes the loan non - performing 形成原因是多方面的,即有企业自身经营不善的原因,又有国家宏观经济和制度的原因,具体说有以下的原因:企业自身过度负债、管理不善;一些企业借口产权制度改革,悬空、搁置、推脱、逃避银行债权;国家的政策调整和宏观经? ? 。
These spillover effects can through micro - macro levels of the industry to host the productivity impact : at the macro level can influence the foreign trade , industrial structure ; at the micro level can impact the enterprise human capital levels , efficiency and management skills , and ultimately promote economic growth in the host country 其中溢出效应又可以通过微宏观两个层面对所进入东道国各行业的生产率产生影响:在宏观层面上可以影响东道国的产业结构及东道国的对外贸易等,从而推动东道国的经济增长;在微观层面上可以通过影响东道国企业的人力资本水平、管理效率和技术水平等,进而对企业的生产率产生影响,最终推动东道国的经济增长。