We can be conveniently studied with reference to a crystal of calcite or iceland spar . 我们可以很方便地以方解石或冰洲石晶体来进行研究。
But when discussing the assembly of elements we shall express them with reference to a global system . 但是如果我们考虑的是元素的全体,那么我们将在整体编号系统中将它们表示出来。
In rare cases we resort to the use of clinometers for showing rotations of the structure, particularly with reference to the foundations . 在少数情况下,可用倾斜计表示结构的转动,特别是结构对于地基的转动。
These are known as the nine components of stress and are illustrated with reference to an infinitesimal rectangular element about a point in figure 1. 2 . 它们被称为应力的九个分量,均示于图12中一点附近的无限小的平行六面体单元上。
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